Tuesday, November 10, 2009
Newspaper: The Grandfather of Media
Can we ever say goodbye to the newspaper? Maybe, "until next time" might be a more fitting line of departure. Goodbye sparks the thought of eternity. I don't think the print newspaper will ever be completely laid to rest. We cannot forget the greatness that print media once relished in. The newspaper helped spur an American Revolution. Thomas Paine's pamphlet, "Common Sense," was the most influential media source during the late 1700s amidst a time when America sought independence. The newspaper is the grandfather of all media since its time, and all forms of media to come. We must honor our media elders and understand that their will always be a place in our society for the newspaper; even if it is a diminishing roll.
James Stovall says that the element that holds a society of diverse people together is the news. The News is no different from one person to the other; it doesn't segregate itself, or discriminate from others. The news is the beating heart of our society because it pumps knowledge and information to us all. The newspaper was once polished as the media's main machine for dispensing the news is merely just a cog in the whole operation now. The internet is indeed stepping into the spotlight as the main source of media dispersal, but the newspaper is still needed. You cannot look at it as a one or the other type of situation. To be informed citizens we must be well rounded in current affairs and political happenings in our country, and last time I checked the newspaper still aided in this process.
Rupert Murdoch, a global media mogul, has an interesting article about the relationship of the media, and the importance of journalism as a whole. "The answer is that great journalism will always attract readers. The words, pictures and graphics that are the stuff of journalism have to be brilliantly packaged; they must feed the mind and move the heart."
The bottom line is that understanding our language and bundling words with other words to create an object of beauty will always attract a readership. The newspaper still does this the best. The internet has timeliness in its back pocket, but print media is still a premier art. There is still something attractive about news in the print form; it still has life.
People still love vinyl records, classic cars and movies in black and white. There is something nostalgic about the trends of the past and the newspaper is shifting to this group. The newspaper is becoming and ancient commodity, but I think it will age for a long time. Many of its branches will wither in the media heat, but the trunk will stand for years and years to come. Superman sightings will always be reported in pages of the Daily Planet,and there will always be that young boy on the corner yelling, "Extra Extra read all about it!"
Monday, November 9, 2009
Response to "The Death of Print Journalism isn't cause for Mourning"
The main purpose of this blog was to explain how online news was better than a newspaper. The point that stood out to me the most was how quickly news can be online and how fast it can travel around the world.
With technology on the rise the demand to know something the minute it happens is very high. TMZ founder Harvey Levin stated that everyone wants their news and want it fast. When Michael Jackson died TMZ was the first to announce the news. He reportedly died at 2:26 pm LA time. TMZ had the story posted at 2:51 pm. http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2009/jun/26/michael-jackson-tmz-scoop Under a half hour the news that Michael Jackson had passed was reported online and the world knew within that same day.
Another point that was also important was the fact that people are allowed to comment on online news and give feedback. This is very essential because news is for the people, If you are getting comments on how helpful the coverage of a news story was, or what could have been done better then its helping you work on the how to understand what your readers want, and how to cover it.
I agree that online news is better than a newspaper. This blog was able to confirm it by its points and examples that were given.
Comment To Maggie's Blog Post
There is an undeniable motive making people slowly but surely convert to the internet. I very much agree with this here blog post by Maggie. The internet can offer an interactive and more user friendly experience than a primitive newspaper ever could.
You bring up the point that internet has become very natural in our society. I definitely can relate to this statement. The internet has indeed become more "natural." But how? Well for starters, with the kids of today's day and age, it is almost unreal for them not to use or learn how to use a computer or the internet by the time they hit middle school. It's a common tool in today's education and research department.
This then raises the point of how long the newspaper will last. You claim to have read in a blog that the newspaper will last another decade or so. This is an accurate statement by my logic. The majority of people who read or actually BUY newspapers are those who didn't have the internet growing up or while in school. With that, you see that slowly but surely those loyal paper buyers will fade and the new age of the student will overcome and give the internet the definite edge.
Another aspect of the newspaper/internet feud is advertising. Advertising is how newspapers make the majority of their money. However, the internet and the technological research and advances will also sway advertisers to use the internet rather than print media. Advertising's 15 basic appeals by Hirschberg exemplify some of these tactics. Hirschberg claims that to appeal to ones emotions is one of the best ways to intrigue a consumer. This isn't possible without a target audience. The beauty of the internet includes the technology to be able to know who is using that particular computer and what they appeal to. The newspaper doesn't have these advantages.
As you can see, the internet is on the up and up and they are still in a phase of figuring out how effective it can be. With the internet having infinite possibilities and the newspaper slowly losing possibilities there is no reason to think the newspaper will survive.
Reeling in Real Estate with the Internet
Regarding real easte, the Internet made my life so much easier this past summer. I signed the least to my first apartment in July. I've been dreaming about apartments since I was about ten. Needless to say, I was picky and clicked through endless websites and listings on Craigslist.org before finally discovering home.
I didn't completely ignore newspaper classifieds or the real estate magazines deposited randomly around UW Milwaukee in my search, but I found myself casually looking through them rather than seriously sitting down and highlighting possibilities. The printed materials were great for local apartments. I blindly wandered a few websites and found myself clicking Racine or Madison listings, and it was easier to stay on course with material physically in hand. But the print provided the room number, prices, location, a phone number, and that was typically it. Did they allow cats? Could I paint? Was a bus line nearby? I had to set up a viewing, and no way did I have time to visit 8,000 locations during the summer.
Searching online, I obtained all this information in a comfortable computer chair, and my thirst for detail was satiated at all times. James Glen Stovall mentions in his Writing for the Mass Media 7th Edition on page 191 that Internet browsers demand visual logic, simple organization and navigation, speed, depth, and news from websites they view. Printed ads are visually logical, and it's easy enough to navigate a newspaper, but they did not speed up my apartment searching process. Websites provided details about hardwood floors and domed ceilings. Their information was up to date, and I knew the apartments listed were actually available. I could even take a virtual tour before stepping foot in, for all I knew, some rat-infested dump.
Thankfully, credits cards or personal information were not needed in that it was a search and not a purchase. I skipped any website demanding profile creations and still received quality results. I look through classifieds when the newspaper is at hand but doubt I will ever make a move on the products. The Internet gives power to the purchaser. Sitting in my much loved apartment as I type this, I'm thaknful it's around.
Evolution of the Internet
Response to Cory Miller's post
The question isn't necessarily 'who' is killing the newspaper but 'what'. We can blame the demise of the newspaper industry on the Internet or increasing laziness of Americans but the true culprit is something we can't even put a name on. It is a combination of technological progress, the on-the-go lifestyle of most people and America's love of the new and the bold.
More and more of our daily services are becoming available on the Internet. You can now order a pizza or pay bills or read entire novels online. According to chapter eight of Writing for the Mass Media by James Glen Stovall, immediate news is now the expectation of Internet journalists. Television was once responsible for reporting breaking or ongoing news stories because newspapers function in a different time frame. Now, the Internet presents the news faster than television ever has.
As more companies and services join the online community, more of our lives are found on the Internet. There becomes less of a reason to close the laptop or leave the computer desk because so much of what we do can be done online. It only makes sense to read the news online because you can do it in between ordering a birthday cake and applying for college. An article from Reuters states that newspapers have lost 20 percent or more of their advertising revenue as a result of people getting news online and the subsequent shrinking circulation.
It is true America is a constantly changing and evolving entity. The newspaper industry has been a social and political powerhouse for decades. To see a once innovative industry falling further every day is disheartening. The Internet has taken over the news business and it is in no position to stop. You suggested in a short period of time we could see the Internet take over the television industry and I have to say I wouldn't be the least bit surprised. I would be saddened and frustrated that there is such a powerful force taking over the media, but I certainly wouldn't be surprised.
Demise of the Newspaper: Not a Big deal

In a 2008 article in the New Yorker entitled Out of Print, Eric Alterman cites an article by the Carnegie corporation which states that "As early as 2004, newspapers had become the least preferred news source among young people." The younger generation, especially college kids, have seemingly become attached to their computers which has allowed for this change.
The ability to have massive amounts of information at my fingertips has allowed myself, and most likely thousands of college students around the country to effectively write papers and conduct research effectively and efficiently.
In his blog, Newspapers and Thinking the Unthinkable, Clay Shirky states that "Society doesn't need newspapers. What we need is Journalism." There will always be forms of media which provide us with information, so why should we suffer reading through a newspaper, when we can read the same information online for the most part, free? The potential move from print media to online digital media is an essential piece to progressing the profession of journalism. Bob Dylan once sang "Times they are changing", and for the media world, the extinction of print media will eventually prove to be a positive thing.
Is the Internet taking over the Newspaper a bad thing?
I would like to first state that I do agree that the news online will worsen citizen's dependency on technology. Although I don't really agree that this is a bad thing.
I as well do not wish to see the newspaper vanish completely, because I do enjoy reading a printed newspaper compared to reading on a monitor. I also enjoy saving newspapers if there is something important written within that I would like to remember. Technology is most certainly becoming more and more advanced and I believe that we need to become advanced along with it. It is just the way the world works. If we didn't become more advanced with technology our country would just be behind in many ways.
I do agree with the fact that the homepage of newspapers online can be overwhelming at times. Although, I think that many people have become accustomed to the internet and have learned how to not become overwhelmed. Many of the newspapers online, are designed very similar to the way in which a printed newspaper is. Meaning, online you are able to jump from section to section. The sections include, Internationl, National, Obituaries, etc. So, I do believe is it easy to access the information.
According to Stovall, it is much easier and less time-consuming to "broadcast" or "publish on the Web. The Web is also able to handle a wide variety of formats for presenting information. It is also known that most news organizations produce more than they can show or print. Broadcasting is limited by time. Print media are limited by space. The Web doesn't face any of these problems, so soon only the Internet will exist.
Overall, I would like to see the newspaper make is through this struggle, with the online news, but I really don't think that it will. As I stated before technology is advancing and we need to not only acknowledge it but move along with it. It will make our lives easier to move with it. Instead of being left behind.
In Respone to: I Might as Well Plug the Ethernet Cord into my Brain
- immediacy and thoroughness
- local awareness and utility
- habit
- entertainment
- social extension or gossip
This increased competition is benefiting the reader, while it may be hurting newspaper industries. "Competition naturally breeds better journalism is the credo of many newspaper veterans. And better journalism means an engaged and informed public," according to CNN.
The blog I am responding to, brings up the importance of face-to-face discussions about the news. I don't believe that the reader is less likely to discuss a news story if they read it online, rather than in a newspaper. Readers may actually be more likely to post comments online to strangers, because they feel they can be honest.
Overall, I see attachments to the newspapers a sentimental issue for many people. If newspapers do eventually disappear, people will adapt to and eventually come to embrace online news.

Scattered around the house, I have old newspapers and articles that I found to be thrilling and well written. Some are pictures that have meaning to me or maybe just a good read. Either way the reason I have these is because they mean something to me and I can take them out and read them.
While Internet has become the norm for reading and gathering information, website sources do not have as much in depth coverage as newspapers do even though they do supply more information. Whether it is a list of special family Christmas gifts or a story of a man and his best friend, there are touching stories that I find in the newspaper on a daily basis.
As I was looking for information on this subject not only did I find that newspapers are slowly but surely diminishing into nothing but to my dismay many people have decided to stay strictly with only the Internet. But… yes, there is a but. Internet may hold more information but it does not get quite as in depth in news coverage and stories as previously stated. Newspapers, on the other hand, do go very in depth in most cases.
Another way of looking at it is to think of the places one can take a newspaper compared to use the Internet. Even though labtops are on the rise and something most people have, it would not be easy to read a story while on the bus for example. A reader can simply place a newspaper in a purse, briefcase, or even hold onto it and easily have something to read.
In a recent article that I came across, the coverage was about cost and the amount of information that is found between Internet and newspapers. Using Internet is cheaper while buying and making newspapers takes more time and money. Newspapers can show and give a writer to reader experience more than Internet. The Internet can give a viewer video and sounds. There are pro’s and con’s to each but I will say that while reading a personal story, the more in depth an article is the more effective I find the story to be.
Friday, November 6, 2009
Will there be Such Thing as Newspapers in our Future?

So many people in today's society rely on the Internet for their daily news. We are constantly on the go which does not allow us to take 5 minutes out of our time to read the newspaper. Technology has solved this problem by allowing access to the Internet on our cell phones, I-pods, and many other new devices. This allows us to catch up on our news while running around. But is this really the best solution?
More and more people are switching from newspapers to online news. Honestly I don't understand why. Yes, the Internet is fast and full of lots of information at just the click of a button but you never know if what you're viewing is creditable information. With newspapers you have to have certain credentials to write an article where as online anyone with any background can state their opinion as if it were accurate information.
Another downfall to this issue is that many younger generations are consuming very little if any daily news. I believe online news is to blame for this. According to the article, "Young People and News" by Thomas E. Patterson and Professor Bradlee, "60 percent of teens can be considered basically inattentive to daily news, as compared with 48 percent of young adults and only 23 percent of older adults." This is our future generation we are talking about. To me, that's a scary thought.
In my opinion, Newspapers are a complete way of consuming the daily news. You have the business section, sports section, horoscopes, classifieds, food section, etc; it's all in your hands. All you simply need to do is turn the page. On the other hand, online news is a lot more time consuming and difficult. Take a look at the New York Times or JSonline. When you want to view or look up certain things you have to search it or click on a link which brings you to all different pages. Sometimes you can't even get back to the last page you were looking at. Honestly, I think it's way too much of a hassle and a waste of my time.
Lots of people make the newspaper apart of their daily routine. It is the whole idea of taking that 5 minutes out of your day to relax and find out what is going on in the world. A newspaper might bot be as fast as the Internet but it's much more convenient and satisfying.
Newspaper: The Aging, Dying Media Vehicle.
Its been too long since I last picked up a news paper to actually read the news. In fact, the last newspaper I touched was laid down on the floor for my dog to go to the bathroom on. The signs are there, newspaper is on its way out and the internet has the undeniable upper hand.
Newspaper is dead to me. The year is 2009, and it's about time we upgrade considering how much ridiculous technology we have around us. Some might argue that the newspaper is more mobile than the internet..considering that people don't want to walk around with laptops and all that jazz. Regardless, one can bust out his or her Blackberry or iPhone and check the news, sports, weather or any other stupid thing they find to put in newspapers nowadays.
The internet is there whenever you need it, unlike newspapers. With the internet, news is updated, posted and twittered almost every minute of everyday. Newspaper can't give me that satisfaction or timeliness. The internet can sometimes lack credibility but it is the job of the knowledgeable reader to know where the information he or she reads comes from.
Newspaper WAS a part of our culture and used to be one of the only sources of credible media but now there are so many other ways to get the information you need. Sure people are going to lose there jobs, but that just comes with the changing of the times and economy. Greg Beato of Reason.com states that despite all the layoffs, buy-outs, and shutdowns that have afflicted the newspaper industry in the last year, there are still 46,700 newsroom employees working at the nation’s 1,411 dailies, according to the American Society of Newspaper Editors’ 2009 census. There is an upside, with the decline of print media, there will be an opening of new job opportunities in the ever expanding world wide web.
Overall, I feel the internet is in primed position to fully take over the news medium. It can broadcast or print and is being promoted through different forms of technology everyday. The newspaper doesn't stand much of a chance in this age of the technological revolution. It's time to say goodbye to the newspapers and hello to the future.
Is the Newpaper finished?


Should we really believe that the end the newspaper is just that close around the corner? Rupert Murdoch says that these are just "misguided cynics", in an article by the Associated Press. That are only too happy to predict end of the newspaper instead of the opposite.
The real problem though is not the disappearance of the newspaper physically, but the idea of journalism it stands for today. In a article Chronicling the Death of American Newspapers: by NPR, Leonard Downie states, "I'm not concerned about the fate of the printed newspaper. I'm concerned about the fate of newspaper newsrooms. Because those are the newsrooms that are doing the reporting that no one else is doing."
What will happen to newspapers? Who really knows, but what I do know is that people will be reading them as along as they are around.
The Internet Generation Begins Taking a Toll on Newspaper Circulation
As readers turn to alternative news outlets, newspaper circulation continues to decline
Who's Killing the Newspaper?

Remember when bowl cuts were cool? When a Walkman was a status symbol? Is the newspaper becoming the next to fade? A recent article in the New York Times chronicled the slow death of the newspaper industry. The article reported that in the last year national circulation of newspapers fell 10 percent. Revenue from ads also dropped 16 percent, and that trend shows no signs of slowing. The San Francisco Chronicle has lost the most blood; circulation of the paper fell over 25 percent. Right now newspapers are facing their biggest threat since the Depression, but this isn’t the 1930s, so who’s killing the newspaper?
As the newspaper industry keeps bleeding what is happening to
Transition from Newspapers: Step Forward, Step Backward, Step Onward
Our newspapers, stretching back to t he first in 1704, have become a piece of history. We read the business section, CUE, politics, sports, and the funnies. It never ceases to tickle us when we settle down with a hot cup of Joe and curl up in the Lay-Z-Boy in the morning. But that cup of Joe is being carried to the swiveling computer seat instead.
This is more than a game of musical chairs. People are afraid credibility and substance from printed articles are transitioning out as well. The Internet is a free-for-all. People cough whatever they want onto it. Some of the texts can be called citizen journalism, but much of it bears the stamp of being a load of crap. Internet texts often lack editing, background checks on sources, journalistic ethics, and objectivity.
The whole dilemma brings me back to high school and writing a research paper about Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Wikipedia was not, repeat, was NOT an acceptable source. A MAXIMUM of TWO Internet sources could be used, and multiple library texts were required. The lists of restrictions regarding the Internet went on. My teacher obviously feared the rise of of the Internet as a research aid and feared the negligence of the high school library. People fear the Internet because it is loaded with self-published articles, blogs, and information. People fear the truth is watered down or simply lost in the flood of it all. There is no denying the plethora of hogwash makes reading Internet articles a hassle. But if you know how to read it, there is the solution.
What it boils down to is proper usage and people being accountable for themselves and what they read. Media literacy is a must in this world where publishing is no longer an issue. "Don't believe everything you see on television," your mother advised when you were younger. She'll soon be saying the same about the Internet. But despite the downturns of the Internet, it opens a world of possibilities for media writing as well. Smaller target markets can be reached, and individuals can be addressed. Citizens can participate with their news sources, and give questions and comments when before, it would largely be taken "as is."
Newspapers will always be a piece of our history. Their professional production gives us something solid to hold onto, and we do not have to filter to find reliable information. But for the media literate, the Internet is a practical source as well. Clay Shirky made an excellent point on his weblog Newspapers and Thinking the Unthinkable. "Society doesn't need newspapers. What we need is journalism," he said. It isn't how you read it, it's what you read. Stepping away from the newspaper is not a step backward. It is stepping onward.
Technology: Our Biggest Gain
Thursday, November 5, 2009
Death of A Deity

In a world that runs on instant coffee and is constantly seeking immediate gratification, I suppose it is no surprise that people want their news instantly as well. The Internet has caused people to crave information and news at a moment's notice. It rewards people for keeping up with a world that never stops moving.
The death of the print newspaper is symbolic of the death of interpersonal communication. Letter writing has been replaced with text messaging while face to face communication has been obliterated by e-mail and video chat. The newspaper has been made obsolete by online news outlets. In an October 2009 article, the New York Times reported that in the last six months, newspaper circulation has decreased by more than 10%. The number of newspapers sold a day has fallen to 44 million a day. It has not been this few since the 1940s.
Newspapers used to represent something beautiful. People saw them as a deity bigger than themselves. They used to be symbols of innovation and integrity and progress. Now people just see newspapers as cesspools of bias and corruption or as mere kindling for a campfire.
Online news has also limited the ability of the average reader to discuss, reflect on and communicate about news in an intelligent manner. Message boards and discussion forums are crowded with ignorant and misinformed people who aren't looking for calm, rational discussion. Posts are more often than not devoid of substance. According to the Newspaper Association of America, readers of print newspapers are dominantly of older generations and less likely to be familiar with modern technology.
What is the purpose of keeping up with the news if not to gain insight on events and relate it back to your own life? It is not necessarily the title of the newspaper or the articles within, but the bond that two people share when they discuss the news.
Newspapers help people forge connections to the outside world. The Internet and online news sources cannot do this in the same regard. If anything, the Internet disconnects people from reality. It is a seemingly endless confine of wires and advertisements and Gotcha journalism. The newspaper help people break out of this cycle and empathize with people of other social, political and cultural environments.
Tuesday, November 3, 2009
The Death of Print Journalism isn't cause for Mourning
Online news is the reincarnation of newspapers and in this form it provides:
• More information
• Quicker coverage
• Varying viewpoints
• Reader involvement
These elements combine to make Internet news a tool that educates and involves citizens. This type of media is the future. Every day, more and more people are turning towards the web for their news. Younger generations are not picking up newspapers because they see them as outdated.
“In the first quarter of 2009, newspaper Web sites attracted more than 73 million unique visitors each month, on average,” as explained by the New York Times.
This wider audience has access to more information than any print newspaper could offer. Chuck Marunde explains, events such as salmonella scares can be reported on in print media, but access the FDA’s site allows readers to type in their bar code and find if their product is tainted.
Readers of online news have access to stories from around the globe, as soon as these events take place. Pictures and first-hand accounts from the Hudson River plane landing were online minutes after the incident. People across the world were able to see exactly what happened by viewing video of the event. In this way, news shared in videos gives the reader an image of exactly what happened better than any adjectives a journalist could come up with.
Newspaper journalists strive to be balanced and fair. In reality, media ownership and individual journalist’s biases affect how a story is written. These same biases might show up online, but readers have quick access to other news sources on the same topic. Newspapers only have one article on an issue. These viewpoints allow the reader to understand the issue from different sides and form their own opinion.
Online news sources also allow the reader to add in their own view and be involved in discussions with other readers. Citizens that get involved with news will feel more connected to their community, and more involved within it. Therefore, the popularity of internet news will have a positive impact on the system of democracy.
Out of Date or Out of Practice?
The history of the newspaper dates back three hundred years, newspapers online are fairly recent. Many newspapers decided to put their articles online because they were seeing a decrease in revenue from the printed newspapers. In an article from the New Yorker, I found that the rise of the Internet tends to make the newspaper look slow and unresponsive. Independent, publicly traded American newspapers have lost forty two percent of their market value in the past few years.
The question is raised, why is there a decerase in newspaper sales? I believe that the answer is that the Internet is being used much more, because it seems as though everything is on the Internet. Internet has become very natural in our society. Even school is now taught online. It seems as though people think it is easier to read news online than to go out and buy a newspaper and then read it.
It is hard to say whether or not reading a newspaper online is bad. There are some negative aspects of reading online such as, not getting all the information due to limited space, also some people would rather read in printed text than reading on a monitor. Although, for those who don't mind these negative aspects, its seems as though soon, newspapers will disapear, leaving only online news.
In a blog that I found, the person is talking about his experience with the declining of newspaper sales. He says that people just aren't reading the newspaper like they used to. This is most likely due to the fact that the Internet has taken over. He also says that he thinks that the newspapers will last another decade but not much more than that. I do indeed think that the Internet will take over all printed media, it is just technology advancing, it's the way it is.
Why Not Get Your News ALOT Easier!

With technology on the rise and people not having enough time to sit down and read the paper or watch the news, a lot of people are looking online to get the news. Why? Its easier to access and faster to read. If you watch the news you have to watch the whole program in order to get info on a single segment. Going online you just type in the news story you are interested in and it comes up. Trying to get a daily paper could be a hassle. With news stories just a click away, why would you want to go through any problems?
Internet is fast and reliable but is giving newspapers the boot a good choice?
The internet has become the best media for reading stories, researching, buying goods, and for many other uses. In the past decade many companies have began to advertise via the internet and have called it quits on newspapers or are very close to it. In my opinion the internet is easier, but somehow by seeing print in newspapers I am more likely to buy a product and thoroughly enjoy a story.
In an article on a real estate site many workers and agents are assuming that newspapers will not be selling houses by 2012. Better Homes and Gardens real estate agency uses a graph to show the rising numbers in internet use and nearly nonexistant newspaper usage for selling houses. This is one of many companies deciding against newspapers. Why would they do that?
Well, my own reasoning is not only do I enjoy reading the newspaper but I am also not a fan of putting personal information let alone credit cards on the internet. There are far too many possibilites of information getting hacked into and I do not want to deal with that. Even though internet is a fast way of looking at coverage, most of the time there are full stories in newspapers and print because there is not enough space in the media version.
While looking for information on this touchy subject I came across another article. Ironically, I came across this specific article on a newspaper web design site. Not only does this writing explain how the internet is cutting off the newspaper but I also learned that while creating online newspapers promote great savings due to delivery costs there is a very big loss in revenues. I belive that the internet and technology is rising but everyone who is still wrapped up in the newspaper, like myself, will not be happy with the results in money and information.